Drop or retain whole multiplier clusters when dropping as needed (#198)

* Prep to track conditions other than just "dropped" or "kept"

* Count up instead of down

* Drop or retain whole multiplier clusters based on their first feature

* Calculate a global feature dropping sequence

* Switch over to using the drop sequence for drop-fraction

* Remove unused arguments for the old drop-fraction implementation

* Fix copy-and-paste bugs, update tests

* Properly incorporate feature_minzoom into the drop sequence, I hope

* Rename drop_by to drop_sequence

* See if sorting within clusters fixes filter stability between zooms

* Remove very chatty debug print

* Update changelog and version

* Use named constants instead of numbers for feature dropping/keeping

* Add comment to explain purpose and method of bit reversal

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+# 2.43.0
+
+* Change -fraction-as-needed feature dropping to be consistent across tiles and zoom levels, and to follow the same pattern as point dropping by zoom level
+* With -as-needed feature dropping, drop or retain entire multiplier clusters instead of individual features
+* Sort the features within each multiplier cluster by its retention priority, for more consistency between zoom levels in filtered feature choice
+
 # 2.42.0
 
 * Improve tiling speed

mvt.hpp

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct mvt_feature {
 	int /* mvt_geometry_type */ type = 0;
 	unsigned long long id = 0;
 	bool has_id = false;
-	bool dropped = false;
+	int dropped = 0;
 	size_t seq = 0;	 // used for ordering in overzoom
 
 	mvt_feature() {

plugin.cpp

@@ -428,7 +428,9 @@ serial_feature parse_feature(json_pull *jp, int z, unsigned x, unsigned y, std::
 
 				json_object *dropped = json_hash_get(tippecanoe, "dropped");
 				if (dropped != NULL && dropped->type == JSON_TRUE) {
-					sf.dropped = true;
+					sf.dropped = FEATURE_DROPPED;  // dropped
+				} else {
+					sf.dropped = FEATURE_KEPT;  // kept
 				}
 			}
 

serial.cpp

@@ -709,7 +709,20 @@ int serialize_feature(struct serialization_state *sst, serial_feature &sf, std::
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (additional[A_DROP_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_CLUSTER_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_CALCULATE_FEATURE_DENSITY] || additional[A_DROP_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_INCREASE_GAMMA_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_GENERATE_POLYGON_LABEL_POINTS] || sst->uses_gamma || cluster_distance != 0) {
+	if (additional[A_DROP_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_COALESCE_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_CLUSTER_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_CALCULATE_FEATURE_DENSITY] ||
+	    additional[A_DROP_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_COALESCE_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP] ||
+	    additional[A_INCREASE_GAMMA_AS_NEEDED] ||
+	    additional[A_GENERATE_POLYGON_LABEL_POINTS] ||
+	    sst->uses_gamma ||
+	    retain_points_multiplier > 1 ||
+	    cluster_distance != 0) {
 		sf.index = bbox_index;
 	} else {
 		sf.index = 0;

serial.hpp

@@ -89,9 +89,16 @@ struct serial_feature {
 	// to be provided by frontends:
 
 	long long bbox[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-	bool dropped = false;  // was this feature dropped by rate?
+	drawvec edge_nodes;  // what nodes at the tile edge were added during clipping?
-	drawvec edge_nodes;    // what nodes at the tile edge were added during clipping?
 
+#define FEATURE_DROPPED -1
+#define FEATURE_KEPT 0
+	// <0: dropped
+	//  0: kept
+	// >0: sequence number of additional feature kept by retain-points-multiplier
+	int dropped = FEATURE_DROPPED;	// was this feature dropped by rate?
+
+	// unsigned long long drop_by;  // dot-dropping priority
 	bool reduced;	   // is polygon dust
 	bool coalesced;	   // was coalesced from multiple features
 	int line_detail;   // current tile resolution being used for simplification

tests/loop/out/-z0_-O200_--drop-fraction-as-needed.json

@@ -9,389 +9,13 @@
 "maxzoom": "0",
 "minzoom": "0",
 "name": "tests/loop/out/-z0_-O200_--drop-fraction-as-needed.json.check.mbtiles",
-"strategies": "[{\"dropped_as_needed\":811,\"feature_count_desired\":1000}]",
+"strategies": "[{\"dropped_as_needed\":999,\"feature_count_desired\":1000}]",
 "type": "overlay",
 "version": "2"
 }, "features": [
 { "type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": { "zoom": 0, "x": 0, "y": 0 }, "features": [
 { "type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": { "layer": "in", "version": 2, "extent": 4096 }, "features": [
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": {  }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 0.966797, 0.966751 ] } }
-,
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 ] }
 ] }
 ] }

tests/ne_110m_populated_places/out/-z0_-r2_-B3_-yNAME_--retain-points-multiplier_3_--order-by_NAME.json

@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Astana", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 41, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 71.455078, 51.179343 ] } }
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-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tashkent", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 67 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 69.257812, 41.310824 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bishkek", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 29 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 74.619141, 42.875964 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tashkent", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 67 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 69.257812, 41.310824 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bangkok", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 68, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 100.546875, 13.752725 ] } }
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Vientiane", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 42 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 102.568359, 17.978733 ] } }
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@
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-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Warsaw", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 55 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 21.005859, 52.268157 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Prague", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 59 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 14.501953, 50.064192 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bir Lehlou", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 3, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -9.667969, 26.115986 ] } }
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-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dakar", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 70 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -17.490234, 14.689881 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Nouakchott", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 39 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -15.996094, 18.062312 ] } }
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+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bucharest", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 53, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 26.103516, 44.465151 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Chisinau", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 26 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.828125, 46.980252 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Istanbul", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 83 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 29.003906, 41.112469 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Chisinau", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 26 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.828125, 46.980252 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Cairo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 87, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.289062, 30.069094 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tel Aviv-Yafo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 61 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 34.804688, 32.101190 ] } }
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Funafuti", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 1, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 179.208984, -8.494105 ], [ -180.791016, -8.494105 ] ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Suva", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 37 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 178.417969, -18.145852 ], [ -181.582031, -18.145852 ] ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Auckland", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 71 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 174.726562, -36.879621 ], [ -185.273438, -36.879621 ] ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Suva", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 37 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 178.417969, -18.145852 ], [ -181.582031, -18.145852 ] ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Guatemala", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 35, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.527344, 14.604847 ] } }
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@@ -72,16 +72,16 @@
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Hong Kong", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 92, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 114.169922, 22.268764 ] } }
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-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Taipei", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 79 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 121.552734, 25.005973 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Shanghai", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 88 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 121.464844, 31.203405 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Jakarta", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 86, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 106.787109, -6.140555 ] } }
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-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dili", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 19 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 125.595703, -8.581021 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Port Moresby", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 25 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 147.216797, -9.449062 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dili", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 19 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 125.595703, -8.581021 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kabul", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 78, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 69.169922, 34.524661 ] } }
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Islamabad", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 23 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 73.125000, 33.724340 ] } }
@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Khartoum", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 54, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 32.519531, 15.623037 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Juba", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 6 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.552734, 4.828260 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kampala", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 21 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 32.607422, 0.351560 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Juba", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 6 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.552734, 4.828260 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kingston", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 31, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.728516, 17.978733 ] } }
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Port-au-Prince", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 20 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.333984, 18.562947 ] } }
@@ -120,28 +120,28 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Luxembourg", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 0, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 6.152344, 49.610710 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Paris", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 89 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.373047, 48.864715 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Andorra", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 4 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 1.494141, 42.488302 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Paris", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 89 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.373047, 48.864715 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Malabo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 33, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 8.789062, 3.776559 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Libreville", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 36 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 9.492188, 0.351560 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Ndjamena", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 32 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 15.029297, 12.125264 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Libreville", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 36 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 9.492188, 0.351560 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Male", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 48, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 73.476562, 4.127285 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Colombo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 27 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.892578, 6.926427 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Sri Jawewardenepura Kotte", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 9 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.980469, 6.926427 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Colombo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 27 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.892578, 6.926427 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Manama", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 16, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 50.625000, 26.273714 ] } }
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-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Doha", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 8 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 51.503906, 25.324167 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dubai", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 66 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 55.283203, 25.244696 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Doha", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 8 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 51.503906, 25.324167 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Maseru", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 30, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 27.509766, -29.305561 ] } }
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 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Pretoria", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 24 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.212891, -25.720735 ] } }
@@ -156,10 +156,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Nairobi", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 85, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 36.826172, -1.318243 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dodoma", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 10 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 35.771484, -6.140555 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dar es Salaam", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 56 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 39.287109, -6.839170 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dodoma", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 10 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 35.771484, -6.140555 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "New York", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 81, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.003906, 40.780541 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Nassau", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 50 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.343750, 25.085599 ] } }
@@ -168,28 +168,28 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Ouagadougou", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 46, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -1.494141, 12.382928 ] } }
 ,
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-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Yamoussoukro", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 43 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -5.273438, 6.839170 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Monrovia", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 58 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -10.810547, 6.315299 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Rome", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 84, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.480469, 41.902277 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bratislava", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 7 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 17.138672, 48.166085 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Budapest", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 52 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 19.072266, 47.517201 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bratislava", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 7 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 17.138672, 48.166085 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Sao Paulo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 91, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -46.669922, -23.563987 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Montevideo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 17 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -56.162109, -34.885931 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Rio de Janeiro", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 90 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -43.242188, -22.917923 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Montevideo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 17 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -56.162109, -34.885931 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Skopje", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 12, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 21.445312, 41.967659 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Helsinki", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 62 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.960938, 60.196156 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tallinn", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 34 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.697266, 59.445075 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Helsinki", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 62 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.960938, 60.196156 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Valletta", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 47, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 14.501953, 35.889050 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Niamey", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 22 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.109375, 13.496473 ] } }

tests/ne_110m_populated_places/out/-z0_-r2_-B3_-yNAME_--retain-points-multiplier_3_--preserve-input-order.json

@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@
 { "type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": { "layer": "in", "version": 2, "extent": 4096 }, "features": [
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Luxembourg", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 0, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 6.152344, 49.610710 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Paris", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 89 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.373047, 48.864715 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Andorra", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 4 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 1.494141, 42.488302 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Paris", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 89 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.373047, 48.864715 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Funafuti", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 1, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 179.208984, -8.494105 ], [ -180.791016, -8.494105 ] ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Suva", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 37 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 178.417969, -18.145852 ], [ -181.582031, -18.145852 ] ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Auckland", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 71 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 174.726562, -36.879621 ], [ -185.273438, -36.879621 ] ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Suva", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 37 }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [ 178.417969, -18.145852 ], [ -181.582031, -18.145852 ] ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Melekeok", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 2, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 134.648438, 7.449624 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Osaka", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 73 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 135.439453, 34.741612 ] } }
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bir Lehlou", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 3, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -9.667969, 26.115986 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dakar", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 70 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -17.490234, 14.689881 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Nouakchott", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 39 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -15.996094, 18.062312 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dakar", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 70 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -17.490234, 14.689881 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Skopje", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 12, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 21.445312, 41.967659 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Helsinki", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 62 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.960938, 60.196156 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tallinn", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 34 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.697266, 59.445075 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Helsinki", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 62 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 24.960938, 60.196156 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kingstown", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 14, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -61.171875, 13.154376 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Saint George's", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 15 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -61.699219, 12.039321 ] } }
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Manama", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 16, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 50.625000, 26.273714 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Doha", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 8 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 51.503906, 25.324167 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dubai", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 66 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 55.283203, 25.244696 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Doha", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 8 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 51.503906, 25.324167 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Maseru", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 30, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 27.509766, -29.305561 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Pretoria", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 24 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.212891, -25.720735 ] } }
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Malabo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 33, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 8.789062, 3.776559 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Libreville", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 36 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 9.492188, 0.351560 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Ndjamena", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 32 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 15.029297, 12.125264 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Libreville", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 36 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 9.492188, 0.351560 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Guatemala", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 35, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.527344, 14.604847 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Chicago", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 65 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.714844, 41.836828 ] } }
@@ -84,16 +84,16 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Astana", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 41, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 71.455078, 51.179343 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tashkent", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 67 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 69.257812, 41.310824 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bishkek", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 29 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 74.619141, 42.875964 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tashkent", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 67 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 69.257812, 41.310824 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Ouagadougou", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 46, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -1.494141, 12.382928 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Monrovia", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 58 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -10.810547, 6.315299 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Yamoussoukro", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 43 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -5.273438, 6.839170 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Monrovia", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 58 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -10.810547, 6.315299 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Valletta", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 47, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 14.501953, 35.889050 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Niamey", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 22 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 2.109375, 13.496473 ] } }
@@ -102,22 +102,22 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Male", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 48, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 73.476562, 4.127285 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Colombo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 27 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.892578, 6.926427 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Sri Jawewardenepura Kotte", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 9 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.980469, 6.926427 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Colombo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 27 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 79.892578, 6.926427 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bucharest", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 53, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 26.103516, 44.465151 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Chisinau", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 26 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.828125, 46.980252 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Istanbul", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 83 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 29.003906, 41.112469 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Chisinau", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 26 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 28.828125, 46.980252 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Khartoum", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 54, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 32.519531, 15.623037 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Juba", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 6 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.552734, 4.828260 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kampala", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 21 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 32.607422, 0.351560 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Juba", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 6 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.552734, 4.828260 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dublin", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 57, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -6.240234, 53.330873 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "London", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 82 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -0.087891, 51.508742 ] } }
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Berlin", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 72, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 13.359375, 52.536273 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Prague", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 59 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 14.501953, 50.064192 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Warsaw", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 55 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 21.005859, 52.268157 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Prague", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 59 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 14.501953, 50.064192 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Kinshasa", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 74, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 15.292969, -4.302591 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Luanda", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 63 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 13.271484, -8.841651 ] } }
@@ -168,22 +168,22 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Rome", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 84, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 12.480469, 41.902277 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bratislava", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 7 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 17.138672, 48.166085 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Budapest", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 52 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 19.072266, 47.517201 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Bratislava", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 7 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 17.138672, 48.166085 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Nairobi", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 85, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 36.826172, -1.318243 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dodoma", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 10 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 35.771484, -6.140555 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dar es Salaam", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 56 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 39.287109, -6.839170 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dodoma", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 10 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 35.771484, -6.140555 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Jakarta", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 86, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 106.787109, -6.140555 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dili", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 19 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 125.595703, -8.581021 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Port Moresby", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 25 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 147.216797, -9.449062 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Dili", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 19 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 125.595703, -8.581021 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Cairo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 87, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 31.289062, 30.069094 ] } }
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Tel Aviv-Yafo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 61 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 34.804688, 32.101190 ] } }
@@ -192,15 +192,15 @@
 ,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Sao Paulo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 91, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -46.669922, -23.563987 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Montevideo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 17 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -56.162109, -34.885931 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Rio de Janeiro", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 90 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -43.242188, -22.917923 ] } }
 ,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Montevideo", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 17 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -56.162109, -34.885931 ] } }
+,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Hong Kong", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 92, "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first": true }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 114.169922, 22.268764 ] } }
 ,
-{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Shanghai", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 88 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 121.464844, 31.203405 ] } }
-,
 { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Taipei", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 79 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 121.552734, 25.005973 ] } }
+,
+{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "NAME": "Shanghai", "tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_sequence": 88 }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 121.464844, 31.203405 ] } }
 ] }
 ] }
 ] }

text.cpp

@@ -225,3 +225,31 @@ unsigned long long fnv1a(size_t size, void *p) {
 	}
 	return h;
 }
+
+// This function reverses the order of the bits in a 64-bit word.
+// Instead of shifting individual bits in a loop, it shifts them
+// in blocks, starting with swapping the halfwords, and working downward
+// until it is swapping individual pairs of adjacent bits.
+//
+// The purpose is to permute the order in which features are visited:
+// instead of working in an orderly fashion from the top left to the
+// bottom right of the tile, instead jump around to minimize adjacency,
+// like a hash function, but taking advantage of the knowledge that we
+// are operating on a fixed-size input that can be directly inverted.
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-reversal_permutation
+//
+// This allows calculating an appropriate set of features to appear
+// at a fractional zoom level: at what is effectively z4.25, for example,
+// we can bring in a quarter of the features that will be added in the
+// transition from z4 to z5, and have them be spatially distributed
+// across the tile rather than clumped together.
+
+unsigned long long bit_reverse(unsigned long long v) {
+	v = ((v & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF) << 32) | ((v & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000) >> 32);
+	v = ((v & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFF) << 16) | ((v & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000) >> 16);
+	v = ((v & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FF) << 8) | ((v & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00) >> 8);
+	v = ((v & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F) << 4) | ((v & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0) >> 4);
+	v = ((v & 0x3333333333333333) << 2) | ((v & 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC) >> 2);
+	v = ((v & 0x5555555555555555) << 1) | ((v & 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA) >> 1);
+	return v;
+}

text.hpp

@@ -11,5 +11,6 @@ std::string format_commandline(int argc, char **argv);
 unsigned long long fnv1a(std::string const &s);
 unsigned long long fnv1a(const char *s, char additional);
 unsigned long long fnv1a(size_t size, void *p);
+unsigned long long bit_reverse(unsigned long long v);
 
 #endif

tile.cpp

@@ -199,6 +199,22 @@ struct coalindexcmp_comparator {
 	}
 };
 
+static unsigned long long calculate_drop_sequence(serial_feature const &sf);
+
+struct drop_sequence_cmp {
+	bool operator()(const serial_feature &a, const serial_feature &b) {
+		unsigned long long a_seq = calculate_drop_sequence(a);
+		unsigned long long b_seq = calculate_drop_sequence(b);
+
+		// sorts backwards, to put the features that would be dropped last, first here
+		if (a_seq > b_seq) {
+			return true;
+		} else {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
 // retrieve an attribute key or value from the string pool and return it as mvt_value
 static mvt_value retrieve_string(long long off, const char *stringpool, std::shared_ptr<std::string> const &tile_stringpool) {
 	int type = stringpool[off];
@@ -408,6 +424,11 @@ static std::vector<serial_feature> disassemble_multiplier_clusters(std::vector<s
 			}
 		}
 
+		// sort the other features by their drop sequence, for consistency across zoom levels
+		if (cluster.size() > 1) {
+			std::sort(cluster.begin() + 1, cluster.end(), drop_sequence_cmp());
+		}
+
 		for (auto const &feature : cluster) {
 			out.push_back(std::move(feature));
 		}
@@ -673,7 +694,9 @@ static void *simplification_worker(void *v) {
 			to_tile_scale(geom, z, out_detail);
 		}
 
-		(*features)[i].index = i;
+		if ((*features)[i].index == 0) {
+			(*features)[i].index = i;
+		}
 		(*features)[i].geometry = std::move(geom);
 	}
 
@@ -801,6 +824,28 @@ static long long choose_minextent(std::vector<long long> &extents, double f, lon
 	return extents[ix];
 }
 
+static unsigned long long choose_mindrop_sequence(std::vector<unsigned long long> &drop_sequences, double f, unsigned long long existing_drop_sequence) {
+	if (drop_sequences.size() == 0) {
+		return ULLONG_MAX;
+	}
+
+	std::sort(drop_sequences.begin(), drop_sequences.end());
+
+	size_t ix = (drop_sequences.size() - 1) * (1 - f);
+	while (ix + 1 < drop_sequences.size() && drop_sequences[ix] == existing_drop_sequence) {
+		ix++;
+	}
+
+	return drop_sequences[ix];
+}
+
+static unsigned long long calculate_drop_sequence(serial_feature const &sf) {
+	unsigned long long zoom = std::min(std::max((unsigned long long) sf.feature_minzoom, 0ULL), 31ULL);
+	unsigned long long out = zoom << (64 - 5);	      // top bits are the zoom level: top-priority features are those that appear in the low zooms
+	out |= bit_reverse(sf.index) & ~(31ULL << (64 - 5));  // remaining bits are from the inverted indes, which should incrementally fill in spatially
+	return ~out;					      // lowest numbered feature gets dropped first
+}
+
 // This is the block of parameters that are passed to write_tile() to read a tile
 // from the serialized form, do whatever needs to be done to it, and to write the
 // MVT-format output to the output tileset.
@@ -846,8 +891,8 @@ struct write_tile_args {
 	unsigned long long mingap_out = 0;
 	long long minextent = 0;
 	long long minextent_out = 0;
-	double fraction = 0;
+	unsigned long long mindrop_sequence = 0;
-	double fraction_out = 0;
+	unsigned long long mindrop_sequence_out = 0;
 	size_t tile_size_out = 0;
 	size_t feature_count_out = 0;
 	const char *prefilter = NULL;
@@ -976,7 +1021,7 @@ static void remove_attributes(serial_feature &sf, std::set<std::string> const &e
 // --accumulate-attribute option so that features' attributes can be averaged in
 // without knowing their total count in advance.
 struct multiplier_state {
-	std::map<std::string, size_t> count;
+	std::map<std::string, int> count;
 };
 
 // This function is called repeatedly from write_tile() to retrieve the next feature
@@ -1113,30 +1158,29 @@ static serial_feature next_feature(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *
 		}
 
 		if (sf.tippecanoe_minzoom == -1) {
-			bool keep = false;
+			sf.dropped = FEATURE_DROPPED;  // dropped
 
 			std::string &layername = (*layer_unmaps)[sf.segment][sf.layer];
 			auto count = multiplier_state->count.find(layername);
 			if (count == multiplier_state->count.end()) {
 				multiplier_state->count.emplace(layername, 0);
 				count = multiplier_state->count.find(layername);
-				keep = true;  // the first feature in each layer in each tile is always kept
+				sf.dropped = FEATURE_KEPT;  // the first feature in each tile is always kept
 			}
 
-			sf.dropped = true;
+			if (z >= sf.feature_minzoom || sf.dropped == FEATURE_KEPT) {
-
+				count->second = 0;
-			if (z >= sf.feature_minzoom || keep) {
+				sf.dropped = FEATURE_KEPT;  // feature is kept
-				count->second = retain_points_multiplier;
 
 				if (retain_points_multiplier > 1) {
 					sf.full_keys.push_back("tippecanoe:retain_points_multiplier_first");
 					sf.full_values.emplace_back(mvt_bool, "true");
 				}
-			}
+			} else if (count->second + 1 < retain_points_multiplier) {
-
+				count->second++;
-			if (count->second > 0) {
+				sf.dropped = count->second;
-				sf.dropped = false;
+			} else {
-				count->second -= 1;
+				sf.dropped = FEATURE_DROPPED;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1402,16 +1446,16 @@ void add_sample_to(std::vector<T> &vals, T val, size_t &increment, size_t seq) {
 }
 
 void coalesce_geometry(serial_feature &p, serial_feature &sf) {
-	// XXX need another way to deduplicate here
+// XXX need another way to deduplicate here
 #if 0
-	// if the geometry being coalesced on is an exact duplicate
+// if the geometry being coalesced on is an exact duplicate
-	// of an existing geometry, just drop it
+// of an existing geometry, just drop it
 
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < p.geometries.size(); i++) {
+for (size_t i = 0; i < p.geometries.size(); i++) {
-		if (p.geometries[i] == sf.geometry) {
+if (p.geometries[i] == sf.geometry) {
-			return;
+return;
-		}
+}
-	}
+}
 #endif
 
 	size_t s = p.geometry.size();
@@ -1421,10 +1465,11 @@ void coalesce_geometry(serial_feature &p, serial_feature &sf) {
 	}
 }
 
-long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, char *global_stringpool, int z, const unsigned tx, const unsigned ty, const int detail, int min_detail, sqlite3 *outdb, const char *outdir, int buffer, const char *fname, compressor **geomfile, int minzoom, int maxzoom, double todo, std::atomic<long long> *along, long long alongminus, double gamma, int child_shards, long long *pool_off, unsigned *initial_x, unsigned *initial_y, std::atomic<int> *running, double simplification, std::vector<std::map<std::string, layermap_entry>> *layermaps, std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> *layer_unmaps, size_t tiling_seg, size_t pass, unsigned long long mingap, long long minextent, double fraction, const char *prefilter, const char *postfilter, json_object *filter, write_tile_args *arg, atomic_strategy *strategy, bool compressed_input, node *shared_nodes_map, size_t nodepos) {
+long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, char *global_stringpool, int z, const unsigned tx, const unsigned ty, const int detail, int min_detail, sqlite3 *outdb, const char *outdir, int buffer, const char *fname, compressor **geomfile, int minzoom, int maxzoom, double todo, std::atomic<long long> *along, long long alongminus, double gamma, int child_shards, long long *pool_off, unsigned *initial_x, unsigned *initial_y, std::atomic<int> *running, double simplification, std::vector<std::map<std::string, layermap_entry>> *layermaps, std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> *layer_unmaps, size_t tiling_seg, size_t pass, unsigned long long mingap, long long minextent, unsigned long long mindrop_sequence, const char *prefilter, const char *postfilter, json_object *filter, write_tile_args *arg, atomic_strategy *strategy, bool compressed_input, node *shared_nodes_map, size_t nodepos) {
 	double merge_fraction = 1;
 	double mingap_fraction = 1;
 	double minextent_fraction = 1;
+	double mindrop_sequence_fraction = 1;
 
 	// allow larger tile sizes at low zooms when the retain-points-multiplier
 	// is intended to allow more points through. scale back down toward a
@@ -1471,8 +1516,6 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 		long long count = 0;
 		double accum_area = 0;
 
-		double fraction_accum = 0;
-
 		unsigned long long previndex = 0, density_previndex = 0, merge_previndex = 0;
 		unsigned long long extent_previndex = 0;
 		double scale = (double) (1LL << (64 - 2 * (z + 8)));
@@ -1487,6 +1530,8 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 		std::vector<unsigned long long> indices;
 		std::vector<long long> extents;
 		size_t extents_increment = 1;
+		std::vector<unsigned long long> drop_sequences;
+		size_t drop_sequences_increment = 1;
 
 		double coalesced_area = 0;
 		drawvec shared_nodes;
@@ -1599,6 +1644,8 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 
 		struct multiplier_state multiplier_state;
 		size_t multiplier_seq = retain_points_multiplier - 1;
+		bool drop_rest = false;	 // are we dropping the remainder of a multiplier cluster whose first point was dropped?
+
 		for (size_t seq = 0;; seq++) {
 			serial_feature sf;
 			ssize_t which_serial_feature = -1;
@@ -1633,7 +1680,18 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 				extent_previndex = sf.index;
 			}
 
-			if (sf.dropped) {
+			unsigned long long drop_sequence = 0;
+			if (additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
+				drop_sequence = calculate_drop_sequence(sf);
+			}
+
+			if (sf.dropped == FEATURE_KEPT) {
+				// this is a new multiplier cluster, so stop dropping features
+				// that were dropped because the previous lead feature was dropped
+				drop_rest = false;
+			}
+
+			if (sf.dropped == FEATURE_DROPPED || drop_rest) {
 				multiplier_seq = (multiplier_seq + 1) % retain_points_multiplier;
 
 				if (find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
@@ -1645,83 +1703,114 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 				multiplier_seq = retain_points_multiplier - 1;
 			}
 
-			if (gamma > 0) {
+			// only the first point of a multiplier cluster can be dropped
-				if (manage_gap(sf.index, &previndex, scale, gamma, &gap) && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+			// by any of these mechanisms. (but if one is, it drags the whole
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+			// cluster down with it by setting drop_rest).
-					strategy->dropped_by_gamma++;
+			if (sf.dropped == FEATURE_KEPT) {
-					continue;
+				if (gamma > 0) {
-				}
+					if (manage_gap(sf.index, &previndex, scale, gamma, &gap) && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
-			}
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
-
+						strategy->dropped_by_gamma++;
-			// Cap the indices, rather than sampling them like extents (areas),
+						drop_rest = true;
-			// because choose_mingap cares about the distance between *surviving*
+						continue;
-			// features, not between *original* features, so we can't just store
-			// gaps rather than indices to be able to downsample them fairly.
-			// Hopefully the first 100K features in the tile are reasonably
-			// representative of the other features in the tile.
-			const size_t MAX_INDICES = 100000;
-
-			if (z <= cluster_maxzoom && (additional[A_CLUSTER_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] || cluster_distance != 0)) {
-				if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
-					indices.push_back(sf.index);
-				}
-				if ((sf.index < merge_previndex || sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap) && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
-					features[which_serial_feature].clustered++;
-
-					if (features[which_serial_feature].t == VT_POINT &&
-					    features[which_serial_feature].geometry.size() == 1 &&
-					    sf.geometry.size() == 1) {
-						double x = (double) features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].x * features[which_serial_feature].clustered;
-						double y = (double) features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].y * features[which_serial_feature].clustered;
-						x += sf.geometry[0].x;
-						y += sf.geometry[0].y;
-						features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].x = x / (features[which_serial_feature].clustered + 1);
-						features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].y = y / (features[which_serial_feature].clustered + 1);
 					}
+				}
 
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+				// Cap the indices, rather than sampling them like extents (areas),
-					strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+				// because choose_mingap cares about the distance between *surviving*
-					continue;
+				// features, not between *original* features, so we can't just store
-				}
+				// gaps rather than indices to be able to downsample them fairly.
-			} else if (additional[A_DROP_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+				// Hopefully the first 100K features in the tile are reasonably
-				if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
+				// representative of the other features in the tile.
-					indices.push_back(sf.index);
+				const size_t MAX_INDICES = 100000;
-				}
+
-				if (sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+				if (z <= cluster_maxzoom && (additional[A_CLUSTER_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED] || cluster_distance != 0)) {
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+					if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
-					strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
+						indices.push_back(sf.index);
-					continue;
+					}
-				}
+					if ((sf.index < merge_previndex || sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap) && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
-			} else if (additional[A_COALESCE_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+						features[which_serial_feature].clustered++;
-				if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
+
-					indices.push_back(sf.index);
+						if (features[which_serial_feature].t == VT_POINT &&
-				}
+						    features[which_serial_feature].geometry.size() == 1 &&
-				if (sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						    sf.geometry.size() == 1) {
-					coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
+							double x = (double) features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].x * features[which_serial_feature].clustered;
-					features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
+							double y = (double) features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].y * features[which_serial_feature].clustered;
-					coalesced_area += sf.extent;
+							x += sf.geometry[0].x;
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+							y += sf.geometry[0].y;
-					strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+							features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].x = x / (features[which_serial_feature].clustered + 1);
-					continue;
+							features[which_serial_feature].geometry[0].y = y / (features[which_serial_feature].clustered + 1);
-				}
+						}
-			} else if (additional[A_DROP_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+
-				add_sample_to(extents, sf.extent, extents_increment, seq);
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
-				// search here is for LLONG_MAX, not minextent, because we are dropping features, not coalescing them,
+						strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
-				// so we shouldn't expect to find anything small that we can related this feature to.
+						drop_rest = true;
-				if (minextent != 0 && sf.extent + coalesced_area <= minextent && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						continue;
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+					}
-					strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
+				} else if (additional[A_DROP_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
-					continue;
+					if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
-				}
+						indices.push_back(sf.index);
-			} else if (additional[A_COALESCE_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+					}
-				add_sample_to(extents, sf.extent, extents_increment, seq);
+					if (sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
-				if (minextent != 0 && sf.extent + coalesced_area <= minextent && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, minextent, multiplier_seq)) {
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
-					coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
+						strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
-					features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
+						drop_rest = true;
-					coalesced_area += sf.extent;
+						continue;
-					preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+					}
-					strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+				} else if (additional[A_COALESCE_DENSEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
-					continue;
+					if (indices.size() < MAX_INDICES) {
+						indices.push_back(sf.index);
+					}
+					if (sf.index - merge_previndex < mingap && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
+						features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
+						coalesced_area += sf.extent;
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+						strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+						drop_rest = true;
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else if (additional[A_DROP_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+					add_sample_to(extents, sf.extent, extents_increment, seq);
+					// search here is for LLONG_MAX, not minextent, because we are dropping features, not coalescing them,
+					// so we shouldn't expect to find anything small that we can related this feature to.
+					if (minextent != 0 && sf.extent + coalesced_area <= minextent && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+						strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
+						drop_rest = true;
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else if (additional[A_COALESCE_SMALLEST_AS_NEEDED]) {
+					add_sample_to(extents, sf.extent, extents_increment, seq);
+					if (minextent != 0 && sf.extent + coalesced_area <= minextent && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, minextent, multiplier_seq)) {
+						coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
+						features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
+						coalesced_area += sf.extent;
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+						strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+						drop_rest = true;
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else if (additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
+					add_sample_to(drop_sequences, drop_sequence, drop_sequences_increment, seq);
+					// search here is for LLONG_MAX, not minextent, because we are dropping features, not coalescing them,
+					// so we shouldn't expect to find anything small that we can related this feature to.
+					if (mindrop_sequence != 0 && drop_sequence <= mindrop_sequence && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+						strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
+						drop_rest = true;
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else if (additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED]) {
+					add_sample_to(drop_sequences, drop_sequence, drop_sequences_increment, seq);
+					if (mindrop_sequence != 0 && drop_sequence <= mindrop_sequence && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
+						coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
+						features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
+						preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
+						strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
+						drop_rest = true;
+						continue;
+					}
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1737,21 +1826,6 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 				}
 			}
 
-			fraction_accum += fraction;
-			if (fraction_accum < 1 && find_feature_to_accumulate_onto(features, sf, which_serial_feature, layer_unmaps, LLONG_MAX, multiplier_seq)) {
-				if (additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED]) {
-					coalesce_geometry(features[which_serial_feature], sf);
-					features[which_serial_feature].coalesced = true;
-					coalesced_area += sf.extent;
-					strategy->coalesced_as_needed++;
-				} else {
-					strategy->dropped_as_needed++;
-				}
-				preserve_attributes(arg->attribute_accum, sf, features[which_serial_feature]);
-				continue;
-			}
-			fraction_accum -= 1;
-
 			bool still_need_simplification_after_reduction = false;
 			if (sf.t == VT_POLYGON) {
 				bool simplified_away_by_reduction = false;
@@ -2271,22 +2345,26 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 						line_detail++;
 						continue;
 					}
-				} else if (totalsize > layers.size() && (prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP] || additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED])) {
+				} else if (totalsize > layers.size() && (additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP])) {
 					// The 95% is a guess to avoid too many retries
 					// and probably actually varies based on how much duplicated metadata there is
 
-					fraction = fraction * max_tile_features / totalsize * 0.95;
+					mindrop_sequence_fraction = mindrop_sequence_fraction * max_tile_features / totalsize * 0.95;
-					if (!quiet) {
+					unsigned long long m = choose_mindrop_sequence(drop_sequences, mindrop_sequence_fraction, mindrop_sequence);
-						fprintf(stderr, "Going to try keeping %0.2f%% of the features to make it fit\n", fraction * 100);
+					if (m != mindrop_sequence) {
+						mindrop_sequence = m;
+						if (mindrop_sequence > arg->mindrop_sequence_out) {
+							if (!prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
+								arg->mindrop_sequence_out = mindrop_sequence;
+							}
+							arg->still_dropping = true;
+						}
+						if (!quiet) {
+							fprintf(stderr, "Going to try keeping %0.2f%% of the features to make it fit\n", mindrop_sequence_fraction * 100.0);
+						}
+						line_detail++;	// to keep it the same when the loop decrements it
+						continue;
 					}
-					if ((additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED]) && fraction < arg->fraction_out) {
-						arg->fraction_out = fraction;
-						arg->still_dropping = true;
-					} else if (prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
-						arg->still_dropping = true;
-					}
-					line_detail++;	// to keep it the same when the loop decrements it
-					continue;
 				} else {
 					fprintf(stderr, "Try using --drop-fraction-as-needed or --drop-densest-as-needed.\n");
 					return -1;
@@ -2379,21 +2457,23 @@ long long write_tile(decompressor *geoms, std::atomic<long long> *geompos_in, ch
 						line_detail++;
 						continue;
 					}
-				} else if (totalsize > layers.size() && (prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP] || additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED])) {
+				} else if (totalsize > layers.size() && (additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP])) {
-					// The 95% is a guess to avoid too many retries
+					mindrop_sequence_fraction = mindrop_sequence_fraction * scaled_max_tile_size / (kept_adjust * compressed.size()) * 0.75;
-					// and probably actually varies based on how much duplicated metadata there is
+					unsigned long long m = choose_mindrop_sequence(drop_sequences, mindrop_sequence_fraction, mindrop_sequence);
-
+					if (m != mindrop_sequence) {
-					fraction = fraction * scaled_max_tile_size / (kept_adjust * compressed.size()) * 0.95;
+						mindrop_sequence = m;
-					if (!quiet) {
+						if (mindrop_sequence > arg->mindrop_sequence_out) {
-						fprintf(stderr, "Going to try keeping %0.2f%% of the features to make it fit\n", fraction * 100);
+							if (!prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
+								arg->mindrop_sequence_out = mindrop_sequence;
+							}
+							arg->still_dropping = true;
+						}
+						if (!quiet) {
+							fprintf(stderr, "Going to try keeping %0.2f%% of the features to make it fit\n", mindrop_sequence_fraction * 100.0);
+						}
+						line_detail++;
+						continue;
 					}
-					if ((additional[A_DROP_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED] || additional[A_COALESCE_FRACTION_AS_NEEDED]) && fraction < arg->fraction_out) {
-						arg->fraction_out = fraction;
-						arg->still_dropping = true;
-					} else if (prevent[P_DYNAMIC_DROP]) {
-						arg->still_dropping = true;
-					}
-					line_detail++;	// to keep it the same when the loop decrements it
 				} else {
 					strategy->detail_reduced++;
 				}
@@ -2480,11 +2560,11 @@ void *run_thread(void *vargs) {
 			dc.deserialize_uint(&x, &geompos);
 			dc.deserialize_uint(&y, &geompos);
 #if 0
-			// currently broken because also requires tracking nextzoom when skipping zooms
+// currently broken because also requires tracking nextzoom when skipping zooms
-			if (z != arg->zoom) {
+if (z != arg->zoom) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "Expected zoom %d, found zoom %d\n", arg->zoom, z);
+fprintf(stderr, "Expected zoom %d, found zoom %d\n", arg->zoom, z);
-				exit(EXIT_IMPOSSIBLE);
+exit(EXIT_IMPOSSIBLE);
-			}
+}
 #endif
 
 			if (arg->compressed) {
@@ -2495,7 +2575,7 @@ void *run_thread(void *vargs) {
 
 			// fprintf(stderr, "%d/%u/%u\n", z, x, y);
 
-			long long len = write_tile(&dc, &geompos, arg->global_stringpool, z, x, y, z == arg->maxzoom ? arg->full_detail : arg->low_detail, arg->min_detail, arg->outdb, arg->outdir, arg->buffer, arg->fname, arg->geomfile, arg->minzoom, arg->maxzoom, arg->todo, arg->along, geompos, arg->gamma, arg->child_shards, arg->pool_off, arg->initial_x, arg->initial_y, arg->running, arg->simplification, arg->layermaps, arg->layer_unmaps, arg->tiling_seg, arg->pass, arg->mingap, arg->minextent, arg->fraction, arg->prefilter, arg->postfilter, arg->filter, arg, arg->strategy, arg->compressed, arg->shared_nodes_map, arg->nodepos);
+			long long len = write_tile(&dc, &geompos, arg->global_stringpool, z, x, y, z == arg->maxzoom ? arg->full_detail : arg->low_detail, arg->min_detail, arg->outdb, arg->outdir, arg->buffer, arg->fname, arg->geomfile, arg->minzoom, arg->maxzoom, arg->todo, arg->along, geompos, arg->gamma, arg->child_shards, arg->pool_off, arg->initial_x, arg->initial_y, arg->running, arg->simplification, arg->layermaps, arg->layer_unmaps, arg->tiling_seg, arg->pass, arg->mingap, arg->minextent, arg->mindrop_sequence, arg->prefilter, arg->postfilter, arg->filter, arg, arg->strategy, arg->compressed, arg->shared_nodes_map, arg->nodepos);
 
 			if (pthread_mutex_lock(&var_lock) != 0) {
 				perror("pthread_mutex_lock");
@@ -2697,7 +2777,7 @@ int traverse_zooms(int *geomfd, off_t *geom_size, char *global_stringpool, std::
 		double zoom_gamma = gamma;
 		unsigned long long zoom_mingap = ((1LL << (32 - z)) / 256 * cluster_distance) * ((1LL << (32 - z)) / 256 * cluster_distance);
 		long long zoom_minextent = 0;
-		double zoom_fraction = 1;
+		unsigned long long zoom_mindrop_sequence = 0;
 		size_t zoom_tile_size = 0;
 		size_t zoom_feature_count = 0;
 
@@ -2725,8 +2805,8 @@ int traverse_zooms(int *geomfd, off_t *geom_size, char *global_stringpool, std::
 				args[thread].mingap_out = zoom_mingap;
 				args[thread].minextent = zoom_minextent;
 				args[thread].minextent_out = zoom_minextent;
-				args[thread].fraction = zoom_fraction;
+				args[thread].mindrop_sequence = zoom_mindrop_sequence;
-				args[thread].fraction_out = zoom_fraction;
+				args[thread].mindrop_sequence_out = zoom_mindrop_sequence;
 				args[thread].tile_size_out = 0;
 				args[thread].feature_count_out = 0;
 				args[thread].child_shards = TEMP_FILES / threads;
@@ -2801,8 +2881,8 @@ int traverse_zooms(int *geomfd, off_t *geom_size, char *global_stringpool, std::
 					zoom_minextent = args[thread].minextent_out;
 					again = true;
 				}
-				if (args[thread].fraction_out < zoom_fraction) {
+				if (args[thread].mindrop_sequence_out > zoom_mindrop_sequence) {
-					zoom_fraction = args[thread].fraction_out;
+					zoom_mindrop_sequence = args[thread].mindrop_sequence_out;
 					again = true;
 				}
 				if (args[thread].tile_size_out > zoom_tile_size) {

unit.cpp

@@ -99,3 +99,9 @@ TEST_CASE("Tile-join cache", "tile cache") {
 	REQUIRE(tc.overzoom_cache.size() == 5);
 	REQUIRE(tc.overzoom_cache.find(zxy(11, 5, 8)) == tc.overzoom_cache.end());
 }
+
+TEST_CASE("Bit reversal", "bit reversal") {
+	REQUIRE(bit_reverse(1) == 0x8000000000000000);
+	REQUIRE(bit_reverse(0x1234567812489BCF) == 0xF3D912481E6A2C48);
+	REQUIRE(bit_reverse(0xF3D912481E6A2C48) == 0x1234567812489BCF);
+}

version.hpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef VERSION_HPP
 #define VERSION_HPP
 
-#define VERSION "v2.42.0"
+#define VERSION "v2.43.0"
 
 #endif

write_json.cpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "write_json.hpp"
 #include "milo/dtoa_milo.h"
 #include "errors.hpp"
+#include "serial.hpp"
 
 void json_writer::json_adjust() {
 	if (state.size() == 0) {
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ void write_coords(json_writer &state, lonlat const &ll, double scale) {
 	}
 }
 
-void layer_to_geojson(mvt_layer const &layer, unsigned z, unsigned x, unsigned y, bool comma, bool name, bool zoom, bool dropped, unsigned long long index, long long sequence, long long extent, bool complain, json_writer &state, double scale) {
+void layer_to_geojson(mvt_layer const &layer, unsigned z, unsigned x, unsigned y, bool comma, bool name, bool zoom, bool write_dropped, unsigned long long index, long long sequence, long long extent, bool complain, json_writer &state, double scale) {
 	for (size_t f = 0; f < layer.features.size(); f++) {
 		mvt_feature const &feat = layer.features[f];
 
@@ -297,9 +298,9 @@ void layer_to_geojson(mvt_layer const &layer, unsigned z, unsigned x, unsigned y
 				state.json_write_unsigned(z);
 			}
 
-			if (dropped) {
+			if (write_dropped) {
 				state.json_write_string("dropped");
-				state.json_write_bool(feat.dropped);
+				state.json_write_bool(feat.dropped == FEATURE_DROPPED);
 			}
 
 			if (index != 0) {